tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36479294474148371692024-02-18T20:14:54.779-08:00Backroom ResearchAlyson of Bathehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00512958734955877946noreply@blogger.comBlogger61125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-35663685412494215252012-12-02T10:44:00.002-08:002012-12-02T10:48:23.118-08:00At the End…<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->At the end of the semester, and after going through the
process of finding a research topic, choosing a method and trying to make sense
of it all – Luker, in her chapter 10, mentioned some things that made me
reflect on the entire process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
instance, she mentions that the process of reduction and analysis is an ongoing
one and that every day we need to take into account pattern recognition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Looking over our data, we should constantly
be looking for patterns, and that often we will be wrong and that ‘lots of
stuff that looks colorful and interesting will just turn out to be noise’ (p.
199).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can certainly relate to this
statement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since September I have been
thinking I have been seeing patterns…..which have turned out to be
nothing!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The whole process of pattern
recognition is exciting at first – when you think you know what you are doing –
but then becomes a daunting and dreary task after failing at it a number of
times.<br />
<br />
Another issue which Luker discusses in chapter 10 which
really resonated with me was how others will try to hijack or poke holes in
your area of research (p. 200 and 203).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This can be very discouraging especially alongside the challenging
process of pattern recognition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
Luker is supportive, offering the advice of practicing the ‘ignore 50 percent’
rule – where you ignore half of what anyone tells you about your topic (p.
200).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This definitely makes me feel a
little bit better!<br />
<br />
I want to end by just briefly stating how much I have
enjoyed this course!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I mentioned in my
very first post how I have already taken a research methods course and that it
was a frustrating experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite my
above rant, I really feel I have learned a lot about conducting proper research
and found the lectures and readings to be very informative <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">: )</span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08824675574640167753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-88166614122572529112012-11-30T19:43:00.002-08:002012-11-30T19:43:28.092-08:00Reassurance of EthicsI wanted to follow up on a question that Luke asked during the talk given by Dean Sharpe on research ethics. Luke asked whether or not the scope of the research ethics board included the researchers themselves, and Dean said basically "no" and that there were other offices that concerned themselves with the researchers and their welfare.<br />
<br />
I understand in the bureaucratic sense why these areas would be kept distinct. It makes sense, particularly in light of the potential risks to participants and subjects of research studies to keep the focus so exclusively on them and let other offices focus on the researchers.<br />
<br />
However, there were a couple of things that I have been mulling over since then in relation to my feelings about research methods that involve other people. First, I wonder if the line between the welfare of the participants and the researcher is so clear. Coming into this class, I had strong reservations about conducting research that involved other people as subjects. As the term progressed, I definitely have become more open to research methods involving work with others; however, there still remained this reservation about studying people. After listening to Dean's talk, I feel reassured by the rigor of the ethics vetting process. I guess even though it seems that the focus of the ethics is on the welfare of the participants, I feel that the ethics process is win-win for the researcher, as well.<br />
<br />
This benefit to the researcher, got me thinking about the perhaps too cleanly drawn line, perhaps even artificial between the welfare of the researchers and the participants. We saw the blurriness of this line most clearly when we covered ethnography and participant observation. There was always the danger of the line just completely disappearing. I wonder, though, if even in other research methods the line between the two is not as distinct? We have discussed biases throughout the term, and how the perspective of the researcher shapes and influences the study. Maybe it could be argued that in some way the researcher is also a subject (definitely a participant!) in some way of the study.<br />
<br />
This leads me to another point that Dean brought up about creating some kind of ownership or possession of the project for the participants. I really resonate with this idea of a research project designed more as a collaboration and community involvement where the researcher acts as a facilitator and less as an authoritarian presence. This would go a long way, I think, towards addressing the power imbalance between researcher and participants and would create a win win for everyone. I think it's the only way that I would feel truly comfortable with a research project that involved other people. <br />
<br />
<br />Jessehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226727258019911642noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-32346078727660111342012-11-26T18:34:00.001-08:002012-11-26T18:34:56.991-08:00Ethnography of Tsunami Infrastructure<br />
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I decided to examine the infrastructure of tsunami warning system in Hawaii (Maui) from the view of Star’s analytical framework. Usually the user online interacts with the system only when a tsunami warning sounds to alert residents of the danger of a tsunami. However the networks and process of monitoring and communicating this warning exhibit many of the characteristics that Star attributes to infrastructure:</div>
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It is embedded inside other structures and technologies and it is relational (Star, 1999, p. 389)- the siren is prompted by organizations which monitor storm conditions such as the National weather service- Pacific Tsunami Warning centre (<a href="http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/index.php?region=2">http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/index.php?region=2</a>, retrived November 26, 2012.)</div>
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It has reach beyond a single event (Star, 1999)- as it set up to respond to multiple tsunami warnings.</div>
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It has links with conventions of practice (Star, 1999)- it promotes conventional behaviour in response to the warning and it is learned as part of membership.</div>
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The siren communicates a warning, but the correct response to this warning is unfamiliar to the non-member. When I went to Hawaii two years ago, Tsunami warnings went off, and while the meaning of the siren was apparent, the subsequent response was not. Through this experience, I had to learn about the various networks which provided information and the lack of centralized- specific information made it difficult to find clear directions to follow. Non-members become members when interactions with infrastructure becomes naturalized (Bowker & Star, 1999.)</div>
<br /><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Infrastructure becomes apparent when it breaks down (Star & Bowker, 1999.) An example of this was trying to ascertain who on the island needed to evacuate: a complicated map system and criterion based on distances/height from the water made it difficult to decide whether we personally needed to evacuate. When the system didn’t work, instead we relied on word of mouth from locals (or members) to make a decision about the appropriate response to the tsunami warning</span><br />
Rachaelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05026099784450790440noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-84150976920657690842012-11-26T17:19:00.001-08:002012-11-26T17:20:15.716-08:00Ethical Considerations Confession: I had never even considered research ethics up until this week's readings. Well, I suppose from an abstract stance I'd thought about research ethics, especially in the sciences - I'm not completely ignorant of the horrors of Mengeleian ethics. But not coming from an extensive research background, and possessing a research question that seemingly passes the ethical sniff test, the topic has largely been neglected in my consciousness.<br />
<br />
My research proposal involves teenagers and their texting habits, specifically whether frequent texting affects speech patterns, both in terms of phonetics and vocabulary. Data collection consists of two parts: texts and speech. While I haven't yet determined the method for speech data (I'm waffling between some sort of "natural" method that would be more linguistically sound or the more efficient, but possibly influencing method of direct interviews), the method for text collection is simple, involving the transcripts of text messages. I thought this was ethically sound, but I'm starting to have doubts.<br />
<br />
Informed consent is tricky. I have no doubt that the demographic I'm looking at is able to consent, and because there's no involvement of institutions (the problems of which were expounded in Sue Heath's article), it seems fairly straightforward. Moreover, the actual analysis isn't concerned with the content of the messages themselves, but rather the linguistic forms that support the content, so privacy is less of an issue because personal content will never be published. What I hadn't considered was that texting is a two-way process; in order to obtain the record of the other texter, I will also require additional consent, and given the amount of data I'd like, this could get extensive pretty fast. Of course, I could omit the other side altogether, since I'm only analyzing one side of the conversation, but that would devoid the analysis of context, a slippery slope to go down.<br />
<br />
This isn't insurmountable, it will simply involve more preparation prior to data collection and analysis. However, this is something I honestly had not considered before, and could potentially through a wrench into the consistency of my data if not properly dealt with. Alyson of Bathehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00512958734955877946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-14264350000193672972012-11-26T13:05:00.000-08:002012-11-26T13:05:19.312-08:00Mini ethnography of BIXI
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I thought that since it's a relatively new
infrastructure BIXI would be an interesting case study<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Briefly, for those of you that might
not know: BIXI is a company that has bike renal locations around Toronto and
other large Canadian cities (<a href="https://toronto.bixi.com/">https://toronto.bixi.com/</a>).
They use a self-serve method of rental where you pick up a bike from one
location and return it to any of their other locations when you are done with
it. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Embeddedness: BIXI is embedded within a
number of other structures and arrangements. For example, the attitudes towards
bike travel in the city impact the number of people who use the system. Also,
the road and bike lane system both impact the ability of people to utilize the
service. .</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transparency: The system is designed to
be transparent and easy to use. You purchase a membership so that you don’t
have to pay every time and station locations are advertised throughout the city
as well as online. The mechanics of how the process of payment works becomes
secondary to the use of the system. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reach or Scope: BIXI has both spatial
and temporal scope. The network extends throughout most of the downtown core,
and users are able (and encouraged) to make use of the service on multiple
occasions.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learned as part of membership: One of
the reasons that I have personally never used the service is my unfamiliarity
with the locations of all the rental locations. It seems that once you have
learned the structure of the infrastructure you would be much better able to
estimate things like whether it would be appropriate for a particular trip, the
length and price of a particular rental, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Embodiment of Standards: BIXI uses
other infrastructures such as Facebook and Twitter to share news, Google maps
to display online location information,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and credit card information for payments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Built on an installed base: BIXI uses
the road system in Toronto, and many of its locations correspond to existing
transportation hubs such as TTC stops.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Becomes visible upon breakdown: The
payment options <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>allowing you to borrow a
bike that are normally invisible would upon breakdown become visible. If you
could not pay for your rental, the bikes would remain locked and you would not
be able to use BIXI for your trip.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04563604337321518708noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-1635171941521135612012-11-25T11:25:00.001-08:002012-11-25T11:25:29.097-08:00TTC: Embeddedness and Membership<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To continue the conversation about the TTC, I am
particularly interested in Star’s assertion that “one person’s infrastructure
is another’s topic, or difficulty” (p. 380). I have recently witnessed a friend
who just moved here attempt to navigate the TTC’s complex grid of buses,
streetcars, and subway trains. Getting places efficiently and on time can be a
real source of anxiety for them, and a successful trip to the Beaches warrants
many congratulations. At this point, the transit system poses great difficulty
to my friend, and every bit of information offered by the TTC is important to
their use of and knowledge about it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When one is first learning to navigate the city by
public transit, many aspects of the infrastructure are visible. One will
consult bus schedules by phone and online, will rely on route maps to tell them
which way is north or south, and will ask about fare prices or obtaining
transfers. On the other hand, for those who are well-acquainted with the system,
it has become “embedded”. For Star, “infrastructure
is sunk into and inside of other structures, social arrangements, and
technologies. People do not necessarily distinguish the several coordinated
aspects” (p. 381). Committed Torontonians automatically incorporate travel time
into their daily activities, so that the various elements of the TTC disappear
into work schedules, leisure time (i.e. reading the paper), and other social
structures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The difficulties that new TTC users face also relate
to Star’s notion that infrastructure is “learned as part of membership” (p.
381). As previously mentioned, while seasoned users may take route information,
signage, and travel times for granted, outsiders require knowledge of each of
these elements in order to understand how the system works. There is a sense
that being well-acquainted with the TTC and feeling like a true citizen of
Toronto are inextricably linked. One may start by paying by the trip or
purchasing tokens, but once one decides that they will save money and travel
easier by purchasing a monthly pass, it's as if they have truly mastered the system. This
is just one example, but it serves to show how infrastructure contributes to
one’s appropriation of a particular information structure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, as much as the infrastructure becomes
embedded to frequent TTC users, it does also become visible upon breakdown.
When one budgets just enough time to get somewhere and then long delays occur,
for instance, it can be a great source of frustration and even throw off their
entire day. While Torontonians are well-adapted to the TTC, there is no
shortage of people who claim that it is a terrible system, especially since it
breaks down a lot. That being said, I think Jesse wanted to talk more about
this so I’ll leave it at that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01067512954782758148noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-38459022691085159302012-11-25T00:44:00.001-08:002012-11-25T11:34:14.326-08:00The TTC and the Presto Card<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->For this week’s posts, my group and I are collaborating on
our group member, Christopher Yasin’s post, on the ethnography of infrastructure,
specifically that of the TTC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore,
in using the TTC as a case study we are choosing Option 2 of the mini
assignment.<br />
<br />
Christopher makes some interesting points.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He states for example that “i<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ssues of interoperability between older
delivery systems and newer information processing units could result in an
information system that may not work”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
want to </span>expand on this statement by discussing the addition of the
Presto Card to the TTC subway system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Presto Card is an electronic, reloadable fare card with an RFID chip.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PRESTO is supposed to make it easier to pay
your fare while travelling within and between different transit agencies by the
simple tap of a card; it is essentially intended to integrate fares across the GTA,
Ottawa and Hamilton transit systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
system calculates the fare for your trip and deducts it from the balance stored
on your card – all in less than a second.<br />
<br />
The Presto Card is more effective when applied to the GO
Transit and some bus lines (depending on the region) but when integrated into
the TTC it has proven to be quite a challenge for some commuters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For one thing, Presto devices are available at
all Go stations but not at all TTC subway stations; this includes the readers,
customer service outlets and self service kiosks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Presto Card has proved problematic in
that commuters have reported that it has deducted the wrong fare amount when
tapped, has many troubleshooting issues, and there are different guidelines on
how to use it depending on which transit system you are using, where you are going, and
if your card has been set on a default trip – it is not as simple as just
tapping your card on and off your trip.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moreover,
it is taking too long to roll out as it is expected to be fully integrated into
the TTC by 2015.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The long roll out is
apparently due to political issues, i.e. the TTC Union.<br />
<br />
I think the Presto Card is a great example of a new
information processing unit that is combined with an older delivery system; one
where not only technology but social, political, and organizational factors impact
its <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">interoperability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For some commuters, the Presto Card is a
failed process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe by putting more </span>consideration
into the social, political and organizational factors that affect the Presto Card,
it could become more effective for subway riders.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08824675574640167753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-68699765495703058532012-11-24T15:24:00.000-08:002012-11-26T15:27:52.395-08:00Goodreads Ethnography
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="http://www.goodreads.com">Goodreads</a> is an online social cataloguing tool that enables
users to register books and create individualized shelves to intellectually organize
their collections. Shelves are fully customizable so that users can delineate
function (e.g. read, currently reading, to-read), chronology (e.g. read in
2011, read in 2012, read for undergraduate), genre (e.g. science fiction,
romance, non-fiction), or any other personalized organizational system that is
appropriate for and appealing to the specific user. Additionally, users are
able to rate and review books, create reading goals, vote on book lists, and
enable a recommendation mechanism that suggests reading material based on the
user’s existing preferences and ratings. Goodreads is a highly social
environment, enabling “friending” similar to Facebook so that feed activity is
present on the user’s dashboard; forums, groups, internal messaging, and wall
commenting are likewise part of the website.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
As such, Goodreads is potentially tailored to a diverse
user base. The cataloguing function is not dependent on the social aspect, and
as a result some users will completely neglect friending, commenting, reviewing,
and otherwise communicating, instead utilizing the site solely for
organizational purposes. In this respect, the emotive component is minimized for
a certain number of users, since relations between users are not necessarily
the primary focus of this group.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
However, my own anecdotal experience with Goodreads
indicates that much of the site’s community is very active. Because the site’s
catalogue is comprehensive, it is not tailored to any specific subset of the
reading community (e.g. academics, purveyors of “serious” literature, science
fiction enthusiasts, Twihards, etc.); rather, the only demographic that
Goodreads is limited to is that of those who enjoy reading, however voraciously
or infrequently. Consequently, the emotions related to the communication
occurring on Goodreads are diverse, but generally dialectic in nature. Debates
arise over reviews, usually those that are polarizing, and the commenting
functionality can spawn long conversations about the merits and pitfalls of
particular novels. My own experience has proven very positive; while debate and
disagreement is frequent, trolling is minimal. Emotive relations can be characterized
as occasionally charged and opinionated, but usually inoffensive and
respectful, and ultimately the website encourages topical conversations
relating to the user’s area of reading interest, whatever it may be. The user
is able to engage with only selected material and chosen fellow users, perhaps
accounting for the low levels of trolling and the communal atmosphere. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
In terms of relating to the study, the underlying
purpose of Goodreads, regardless of the handy cataloguing functionality and
social networking, is nonetheless commercial. Books are linked to Amazon, and
thus any positive reviews or conversation literally enable users to impulsively
purchase the material immediately. The emotive relations involving dialectic
discussion allow for easy purchasing, a commercialized theme that seems
somewhat antithetical to the library-esque cataloguing of the site’s structure.
In studying this further, the private nature of Goodreads accounts would pose
problems for methodology; like Facebook, profiles, communication, and reviews
can be made private, barring outsiders from access. While many reviews, and
conversations stemming from those reviews, are public, this feature would still
limit researchers, and perhaps would encourage a highly ethnographic,
participative approach.</div>
Alyson of Bathehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00512958734955877946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-90748355309117202212012-11-23T13:27:00.001-08:002012-11-23T13:27:25.956-08:00Mini-Ethnography of TTC<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This blog is the continuity of the last week’s blog from my team member titled “Readings week 11”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He talked about TTC system as an information system. Here I use Star’s framework to analyze the ethnographic aspects of TTC as an infrastructure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Embeddedness. The TTC is a transit system serving city of Toronto. The system is tucked into the structure of the city of Toronto. The TTC buses have to run on the roads and streets, which are part of the city. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transparency. For TTC users, they take buses or trains to travel in the city. The routes and schedule are publicly advised on the website or on the post. The users only need to know where to get off and where to make transfers. They do not have to know the how the schedule is made. For TTC workers, especially for those who make schedules, the system appears more transparent.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach or scope. The TTC users not only need to access to the physical TTC maps or paper based schedules, but also have access to those information online. The users can also subscribe the SMS service to access to the most current information about bus arrivals and departures. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Learned as part of membership. The new employees will get training to become familiar with TTC system. Such as the information technology they used, policies and procedure, etc. The employees are trying to overcome the strangeness in the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Links with conventions of practice. TTC system shapes and is shaped by its conventions. In TTC system, you only need to pay once and you can get on a few buses by showing your transfers. It is convention for TTC, which is hard to change. If the customers were asked to pay every time they got on the bus, it would have caused huge objection from the community it serves.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Embodiment of standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TTC system has built on certain standards. There are standards for the bus, drivers and working conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Built on an installed base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TTC system is built upon city civic system. It was not as big as what it is today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It grows every year with the increasing demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Becomes visible upon breakdown. When TTC is running smoothly, people did not realize the works behind the system. When TTC was on trike some years ago, people started to realize how important TTC was and TTC started to be listed as essential services for the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is fixed in modular increments, not all at once or globally. The city of Toronto is a large city and TTC system is one of the biggest transit systems. We are not able to upgrade system all at once. For example, the city needs to make 5-year plan to upgrade the buses, trains and subway facilities gradually. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Overall, TTC is a perfect infrastructure for ethnographic studies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>Dongxia Wanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04657413114807373380noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-34704931296985640412012-11-20T23:07:00.001-08:002012-11-20T23:07:21.765-08:00Ethnograpy of the Internet <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Hine’s article “How can qualitative Internet researchers define the boundaries of their project?”,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he brought up the debate about ethnography<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in research design though the Internet. Instead of assuming that the Internet is a place and can be considered a field site for ethnographers, he agrees that the Internet can be seen as tool, place and way of being that offers different methodological choices. Ethnography is important in establishing the cultural context on the Internet which is considered as part of everyday life. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beaulieu argues that there is much continuity between virtual ethnographies and more conventional and fundamental ethnographic principles. Virtual ethnographers tend to conduct multi-sited research. According to Hine, ethnography of the Internet is about mobility between contexts of production and use, and between online and offline, and the deployment of forms of engagement to observe the how these sites are socially constructed. He concerns the studies that illuminate the social dynamics at the centre of the technology. “The key to this insight is immersion, not necessarily through being a particular field site, but by engaging in relevant practices wherever they might be found.”</span></div>Dongxia Wanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04657413114807373380noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-15169474907554597482012-11-19T20:22:00.000-08:002012-11-19T20:22:12.905-08:00Defining Boundaries<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I read through the Hine article on defining technological
and internet boundaries of ethnographic research I found myself skeptical of
the broad boundary scope: offline/online, between sites, institutions, web
developers etc. The boundaries are so wide that it seems to be getting beyond
the point of any meaningful analysis. However in the conclusion Hine acknowledges
many of the limitations of widening boundaries- it should be practical and
allow for depth and engagement. I left the article slightly less skeptical as a
result the explanation on TouchGraph Google Browser- a visualization tool which
shows how site networks. As well, the article on twitter gathered a huge amount
of data on different users that I would not have thought possible. Basically
these references to online data collections and tools made me aware of my lack
of knowledge of what types of data and how much can be collected from the
internet. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Also, if anyone is interested in exploring multi-sited ethnographies, a methodology I always liked was called: "follow the thing." The basic concept is to follow commodities and see what meanings people attach to these objects. </div>
Rachaelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05026099784450790440noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-17280293389243283302012-11-19T16:24:00.000-08:002012-11-26T16:25:03.458-08:00Embeddedness and CultureStar's <i>The Ethnography of Infrastructure</i> is a difficult text for me. This feels like my fiftieth read through; after applying it to a project last year, I thought I had a handle on it, but I revisit it again for this class, and am just as confused.<br />
<br />
I understand her concepts in theory, but once I try to apply them to something, to an actual infrastructure, it all starts getting a little fuzzy. I'm not completely sure why this is, but I have an inkling that it may have something to do with her idea about embeddedness. According to Star, infrastructure is embedded; it's hidden, invisible, underlying the system. Thus, for the initiated at least, it's the taken-for-granted, the assumed. I find it hard to critique something that I subscribe to, at least tacitly; my perspective is limited, I only have a part of the picture because I can't get past the embeddedness.<br />
<br />
Following her notion that infrastructure becomes visible (and thus not so embedded) upon breakdown, up until that breakdown I feel somewhat in the dark. Facebook is an excellent, if over used, example. Prior to the changes in the timeline feature, or any of the previous site redesigns for that matter, I would be hard-pressed to dissect it's assumptions, limitations, and embedded infrastructure. But now, having experienced the infrastructure overhaul with the introduction of timeline, I can better analyze the previous design and it's core assumptions; I can use it as a comparison, at the very least. Moreover, when timeline was first introduced, I was abuzz with criticism, concern, and critiques (issues of privacy, security, chronology, representation, ad nauseum), but now...it's again in the background, thoroughly embedded in the routine of my mundane, online existence.<br />
<br />
Star only touches upon the cultural ramifications of this, but I think it's a significant contributing factor to the embeddedness. Once infrastructure becomes culturally embedded, the culture reinforces the embeddedness; it's cyclical and self-reliant; I don't question Facebook's infrastructure because Facebook is omnipresent in my social life. For us out here, whose research interests exist far away from the realm of technological infrastructure, how do we get outside of the embeddedness? How do we gain the perspective to see past it? Alyson of Bathehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00512958734955877946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-43168150082687271812012-11-19T08:05:00.000-08:002012-11-19T08:07:21.714-08:00Twitter: Spammers vs. Users<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Information infrastructure involves, among other things, the people that support the creation, use, and dissemination of information in a given system. That being said, it also involves the people who would destroy that information, or tear down/subvert the system, and the tools, processes, etc., that allow them to do so.<br />
<br />
After reading the article on "Detecting spam in a Twitter network", I became very interested in the ways in which spammers adapt to various information networks and infrastructures. The aspects of Twitter that make it so appealing to users - the aggregation of "trending" topics, the simple dissemination of links, and the ability to "follow" people without permission - are the same aspects that allow spammers to infiltrate it. As the study shows, there is not much difference between a user account and a spam account on Twitter, though there may be small ways to detect hazardous accounts.<br />
<br />
The network analysis method employed by the authors seems to have been quite effective at separating out these small differences. It is interesting to see the implications that this type of analysis can have for better informed system design. When we know about the ways in which a network or system is abused by users, can't we adjust the design in order to thwart their attempts? On the one hand, there is the sense that spammers will always find a way to persist; they are invariably part of the infrastructure. On the other, this type of research can help a network or system to evolve, and to set up provisions.<br />
<br />
My technical knowledge is limited, but in the case of Twitter, it seems as though bad link detection or "automatic follow" detection could be employed. This is along the lines of the means used by the authors to detect spammers. I'm not completely sure if I know what I'm talking about. I also realize that it is difficult to adjust the system or infrastructure too much, because you run the risk of discouraging real users as well. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01067512954782758148noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-3403004443537436652012-11-18T19:53:00.000-08:002012-11-18T19:57:33.938-08:00Infrastructure<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->The study of infrastructure appears complex, and my
understanding of it is only slightly clearer after reading Star’s article.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Star explains infrastructure as ‘invisible,
part of the background for other kinds of work’ (p. 4).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also states that infrastructure is a
relational concept and that one person’s infrastructure is another’s topic, or
difficulty (p. 4).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can be mystifying,
how do you know, for instance, if you are dealing with an infrastructure within
your study?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To clarify this, Star further
defines infrastructure as having specific properties including embeddedness, transparency
and links with conventions of practice, to name just a few (p. 4-6).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also offers some tricks of the trade
based on her own experiences in studying infrastructures (p. 8-11).<br />
<br />
I definitely see the importance of studying infrastructures,
in that it provides a complete picture to whatever you are investigating, but I
am still confused on how it should be studied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After reading another one of my classmate’s post, outside of my blog group,
one of their questions really resonated with me; that is how do you study technological
infrastructure when you have a limited knowledge of technology yourself?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is certainly my problem, I’m just not
tech-savvy!<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08824675574640167753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-2872246915781239922012-11-18T16:27:00.002-08:002012-11-18T16:27:53.699-08:00Readings Week 11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One idea I gleaned from the Susan Leigh Star reading “The
Ethnography of Infrastructure” is that an information infrastructure (with its
associated platforms, hardware and devices) is not a culturally neutral
framework.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Embedded within these
infrastructures are cultural norms, ideas and values that are often overlooked
as part of any given information system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another idea gleaned from this reading is that any
information processing unit, no matter how sophisticated its programming in
processing information, will not work if such a unit, fails to take into account
the infrastructural components of information devices (e.g. Hardware) within its
epistemological paradigm for managing information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The TTC system is one example of an information system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This system is composed of trains, subway
stations, train tracks, buses, street cars, street car lines, street car rails
and roadways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose the head of the
ministry of transportation decides to acquire new bullet trains for the TTC
subway system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though these trains are
super fast and feature many passenger friendly accommodations such as improved
seating arrangements, these trains might not be able to run on the current
subway tracks in place within the Metro Toronto subway system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For such a new technology to be successfully
integrated within the Metro Toronto subway system would potentially require a
subway system overall to build new electrically powered train tracks complete
with overhead wiring to help facilitate the travel of these trains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Accordingly, issues of interoperability between older
delivery systems and newer information processing units could result in an
information system that may not work. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
you add cultural norms, ideas and values into this mix (Maybe Torontonians aren’t
lukewarm to the idea of bullet trains because they think they are dangerous), then
this could provide some perspective as to why some information systems fail to materialize
in certain societies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10613877164342815147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-58642426992166358732012-11-17T12:08:00.002-08:002012-11-17T12:08:27.052-08:00Ethnography of the iPhone?<span lang="EN-CA">While reading the articles by Star and Hine et al.
about conducting qualitative research, in particular ethnographic research, on
information technology and internet “spaces”, I kept thinking about the iPhone
as an example of a technological artefact that would be very interesting to
examine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-CA">Taking a cue from Hine’s (et
al.) article that mentions that example of “The Pump” from Zimbabwe, the iPhone
is perhaps even more complicated. In some ways, the iPhone presents clear
boundaries as a discrete object of technology that I can hold in my hand.
However, there are many layers to it and as an object that connects to the web,
some of the layers are boundless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How
would you define the boundaries of the project of an iPhone ethnography?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What infrastructure would you focus on? What
questions could you ask that the iPhone might shed light on?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-CA">The iPhone is so many things depending on the
perspective and the questions that are asked. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, depending on the person, the
iPhone could fulfill many different purposes. For example, there have been
numerous articles claiming that smart phones will end the digital divide,
because it provides access to the internet for individuals who do not have
access to the internet in their homes. However, there have been other studies
that claim that because of the limitations of the smart phone (impossible or
extremely difficult to fill out forms, write and send in a resume) that it ends
up being used as mainly a device to access Facebook or shop. On the other hand,
apps are being developed to help with raising cattle in rural parts of the
Global South. Some people use their iPhone for exercise and fitness, or as a
camera. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-CA">In terms of the external social significance of the iPhone, for some
individuals it is a status symbol. Also, interesting to examine the manufacturing
and design of the iPhone—this brings to mind Apple workers in China committing
suicide related to their poor working conditions. Also the mining of rare earth
minerals used in the manufacturing of the iPhone have major geo-political
impact. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And even in terms of the
programming and coding and issues of compatibility, the example of how the
changes Apple made recently in their operating system that now excludes google
maps, had a big impact on the users and the company. Part of Apple’s appeal was
its user friendliness, but when Apple made this big change, users bumped up
against the infrastructure and became of aware of it and experienced difficulties.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-CA">And, I could go on and on….but I’ll stop
now. :-)</span><br />
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Jessehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226727258019911642noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-13005613410297481822012-11-12T13:38:00.001-08:002012-11-12T13:38:53.434-08:00Analyzing Cross-Case Evidence <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Analyzing Cross-Case Evidence<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Yin’s article “The Case Study Crisis”, He mentioned two potential approaches to cross-case analysis: case-survey analysis and case-comparison approach. The case comparison has to be based on the case-survey approach. The case- survey approach requires two conditions:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>first, isolate the factor in the case studies that catch substantial attention; second, the number of case studies has to be large enough. When these two conditions meet, we can code the factors and establish cross-case patterns. Then we can start cross-case comparisons. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, those two conditions are not always satisfactory. The number of factors is larger to the number of case studies and the extraction of factors from case study may make case study complicated. In most cases, we are lack of the case studies that needed for the data analysis. So case-survey approach has to be highly selective. The researcher must preserve the explicit citation of particular pieces of evidence when these two approaches are used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>Dongxia Wanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04657413114807373380noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-65594485597833811792012-11-12T09:21:00.000-08:002012-11-12T09:21:13.712-08:00case studies<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><i><i><i><i>"the case study does not imply the use of a particular type of evidence" (Yin, 1981, p. 58)</i></i></i></i></span></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><i><i><i><i>"Nor does the case study imply the use of a particular data collection method" (Yin, 1981, p. 59)</i></i></i></i></span></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><i><i><i><i>"the distinguishing characteristic of the case study is that it attempts to examine: (a) a contemporary phenomenon in its real-life context, especially when (b) the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident" (Yin, 1981, p. 59)</i></i></i></i></span></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></i></span></blockquote>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Within the first 2 pages of the Yin article that we read for this week my entire (mis)understanding of case studies was given an overhaul. I thought that I understood case studies a lot better than I did, and I'm really not sure why. But reading the Yin article, I was suddenly aware of all the misconceptions that I've held about case studies. In presenting his response to Mile's critique of case study research Yin was able to pull out, what I believe to be, some of the more taken for granted assumptions about performing a case study. The idea that a case study can use quantitative data, and is not necessarily the result of an ethnography really opened my eyes to the number of possible uses for this method. Did anyone else find that you knew a lot less about case studies than you thought you did?</span><br />
<br />
I was planning on designing my research proposal around the use of a case study. I would still like to, but now I am realizing how much more research I will have to do. I think the lecture this week will be really valuable in helping me to get a better grasp of this method. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04563604337321518708noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-21086744384298789572012-11-11T18:41:00.001-08:002012-11-11T18:41:32.588-08:00Lessons from Peer Reviewing<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="color: black;">From completing the peer review assignment, I learned a great deal about content analysis,
particularly its strengths, limitations, and effective methodological design. I
also feel much more comfortable in critically evaluating an article and
examining more deeply the research methods of a study. I hate to admit it, but
I usually just skipped through the methods sections when I have read social
science research articles in the past. I was intimidated by all the numbers,
and that did come up this time when at first I was evaluating the article. I
did not understand the formula the authors used for evaluating and presenting
the variations in media coverage between the different newspapers. I thought
there was something I was missing, even after reading up on content analysis
study design.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only after Professor
Grimes pointed out to me that the article must be clear and accessible enough
for those outside the very small community of researchers to understand, did I
realize that my inability to understand what the authors were talking about was
not necessarily my fault. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="color: black;">By going through the paper’s research methodology
step-by-step, I spotted deficiencies in the design, but I also learned what
goes into a successful content analysis project design. Also, the more
information you can give to the reader about your methodology will also diffuse
a lot of criticism regarding the validity of a project design. I also have much
greater respect and understanding for what goes into content analysis and more confident
of my ability to argue for and defend the validity of content analysis as a
valuable research method, even if such prominent research methods scholars like
Luker are dismissive of it.</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Jessehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226727258019911642noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-12035150570126178872012-11-11T18:34:00.002-08:002012-11-11T18:34:58.993-08:00The Problem(atization) of Case Studies<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA">I am grappling with the theoretical and
methodological problems in the conducting and evaluation of case studies as a
research method. </span>What exactly is a case study, when is it
appropriate, and what can it tell us?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After reading these articles by Yin (1981) and Beaulieu et al (2007), I feel like cat trying to catch the light
of a laser pointer, when I try to define and discuss the concept of the “case
study”! I am hoping class tomorrow will shed some light on the articles by Yin
and Beaulieu et al. I am not sure that I completely followed their arguments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seems both articles are addressing the problematic
nature and purpose of the case study, pointing at what they see as the hybrid
nature of the case study and perhaps social sciences in general. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Yin (and Beaulieu et al?), case
studies inhabit the liminal space between the specific and the generalizeable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I like Yin’s comparison to the detective
investigating a crime, attempting to link two (or more) specific, distinct
incidents together by identifying a pattern, and then identifying the common
variable (the one criminal).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beaulieu et
al define the problem of case studies as the conflict between the generalizing
of cases through the structure of artificially constructed categories for
comparing different cases and the specificity that case studies are used to prove.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They see a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“middle range” where this tension is
acknowledged for every case study research project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My initial reaction is one of frustration at
the inevitable and neverending theoretical backflips that then become necessary
every time a case study is conducted and presented. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s post-structuralism applied to case
studies. I am excited AND frustrated! </span></div>
<br />
Jessehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08226727258019911642noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-28933136200335425742012-11-10T18:54:00.002-08:002012-11-10T19:06:00.019-08:00Technique<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->What I’ve learned since undergoing the Peer Review process
and reading Yin’s article is that it’s not just about what method(s) you choose
but also about your technique – which is integral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A couple of weeks ago I posted about focus
groups and how I thought I would approach the paper I was reviewing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After doing further research into focus
groups, however, I gained a completely different perspective and ended up going
in a completely different direction in writing my peer review then I had
initially thought.<br />
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Technique within your chosen method can enhance the
reliability of your findings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With focus
groups, for example, an approach which can increase the reliability of your
findings is by running multiple groups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
rationale here is that there are only so many stories, and with each group you
will hear the same stories repeated with bits and pieces of new information
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</span>Furthermore, the systematic coding of transcripts using content analysis
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<br />
Yin in his article, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08824675574640167753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-58786467612623514682012-11-05T14:26:00.000-08:002012-11-05T14:31:14.581-08:00Image FramingMy first thought when I read about image based research (Knight), especially in the context of newspaper articles is that an image captures a "truth" within the frame of the camera, at a certain point in time. For example, in 2011 this couple became famous for kissing during the Vancouver riots:<br />
<br />
<img alt="The Getty Images photo that went around the world, featuring Scott Jones trying to comfort his girlfriend Alex Thomas. " src="http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2011/06/17/460-kissing-couple-cp-getty.jpg" /><br />
<a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/06/17/vancouver-kissing-couple.html">http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/06/17/vancouver-kissing-couple.html</a><br />
<br />
Knight cautions that: "Framing: all data capture frames reality, abstracting pieces for further study. While a picture may be worth a thousand words, it is helpful to have another thousand words of notes that fill in some of the context that the camera or sketch misses" (Knight, 2002, p. 112/113?.) My scepticism of image based research is lessened considerably by the supplementation of additional notes that contextualize an image. My overall impression from both Knight and Thomas articles is that content/document analysis is a good way to take advantage of many interesting/rich sources of data, and that re-using historical data may be a good alternative to traditional methods I was previously considering. While content analysis is undoubtedly very time consuming, at the initial stage it may provide an opportunity to do some pre-testing and get a better grasp on a proposed research project.<br />
Rachaelhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05026099784450790440noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-37390157501769002962012-11-05T12:54:00.000-08:002012-11-05T12:54:05.491-08:00I want to do some content analysis!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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I wish I had been introduced to Image-Based and Documentary
Analysis earlier in my academic career. I’ve always shied away from the idea of
performing my own research project – largely because I’ve never really been
comfortable with the research methods I assumed would have been expected of me.
But something about these really appeals to me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I could totally see myself approaching a topic in this way. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
Concerning Knight’s comment that, “this research is so new
in social science that there is little to guide the researcher” (p. 102); I
think this might be a large part of the draw for me. Knight gives a number of
examples of both image-based and documentary analysis projects that seem to be
developed very (in relation to other methods we’ve looked at so far) specifically
for the topic being studied. It seems to imply to me that there is the opportunity
within this new(er) research method to have more leeway in the customization of your methods to best suit your inquiry. </div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">I also like how it emphasizes the connections between “the
image, the conditions of production and the meanings that audiences might have
attached to them” (Knight, p. 104). The ability to bring this sort of analysis
into a study seems to really open up possibilities for discovery. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Also, it seems kind of fun. What do you guys think?</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04563604337321518708noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-25324230227961601962012-11-04T09:52:00.000-08:002012-11-04T09:53:01.621-08:00Image-Based Research<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->I am not really sure about the reliability of image-based
research as I have always been one to believe that a picture is worth a thousand
words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Knight’s readings, he does
state that image-based research is not easy because images are information-rich
and difficult to analyse in any systematic way (p.102).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A picture can frame data within a specific
context, i.e. we do not see what is beyond the image which can reveal an
entirely different context and reality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
this case, Knight suggests that it is helpful to have plenty of notes to fill
in some of the context that the camera or sketch misses (p.104).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I suppose that really just means that
image-based research is only helpful when it is used along with other research
methods and sources of data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
personally would find it really interesting to analyse images but I would be
afraid to rely too heavily on the data, as the understandings that I generate
may simply be my own interpretation or perspective. Furthermore, image-based research is a fairly
new method in the social sciences and hence there is little written on the
topic to assist researchers (p.102).<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08824675574640167753noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3647929447414837169.post-85620156676505251902012-11-04T00:31:00.000-07:002012-11-04T00:31:28.563-07:00Readings Week 9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thoughts on Van Dijk reading: “Principles
of Critical Discourse Analysis” </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Van Dijk, through
his thorough analysis of the structures of domination, seems genuinely concerned
with promoting social equality.<span> </span>Van Dijk
argues that when certain social groups (Elites) have a monopoly over various
communication mediums, whether these Elites realize it or not, their cultural
biases serve to maintain a system of domination.<span> </span>Since these Elites have a monopoly over
various communication mediums, they are in a position to dictate social customs
and norms of communication (verbal and non-verbal) that can unintentionally
perpetuate stereotypes of social groups.<span>
</span>These stereotypes, by creating a certain negative mental image of other social
groups, serve to perpetuate this system of domination.<span> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">I think that
Critical Discourse Analysis, could serve as a tool of emancipation for certain
socially oppressed groups.<span> </span>By educating the
socially oppressed about the structures of power and domination, such discourse
could equip these social groups with the tools to demand respect for themselves
by not tolerating a system that devalues their human dignity by undermining their
basic human rights.<span> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">How would
Critical Discourse Analysis prove meaningful to those social groups who enjoy a
more privileged social position in relation to others? It seems that Critical
Discourse Analysis, would force those individuals enjoying a more privileged
social status, to be more consciously aware of their words, thoughts and deeds
in how they perceive and interact with other social groups.</span><span> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Such awareness is a necessary first step in stemming the tide of social
inequality.</span><span> </span></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10613877164342815147noreply@blogger.com0